A Northwoods Almanac for 7/18-31, 2025

 A Northwoods Almanac for 7/18-31, 2025  

 

World’s Oldest Known Loon Still Producing Chicks 

            Thirty-five years ago (1990), a territorial female on a remote pool in the Seney National Wildlife Refuge in the U.P. was color-banded as the sixth adult common loon ever banded on the Refuge. She later came to be known as “Fe,” and that year produced one chick. At the time, she had to be at least four years old, which is functionally the minimum age of reproduction for common loons. 

            During that same July in 1990, “ABJ,” who in 1987 was among the first three loon juveniles color-banded at Seney, had returned to the Refuge as a breeding adult, and was embarking upon his search for a territory and a mate. Seven years later in 1997, he finally found a home territory by forcefully evicting the resident male with whom Fe had produced seven young between 1990-1996. 

            Over the following quarter century, ABJ and Fe produced 32 hatchlings. However, they parted ways in 2022, with Fe quickly finding a new partner and raising a chick. She then failed to breed in 2023, but rebounded with two chicks in 2024. 

            This year, in Fe’s second nesting attempt, two chicks emerged after nearly a month of shared incubation between her and an unbanded mate, her 43rd and 44th chicks that researchers know about. 

            “That researchers know about” is a key phrase, because remember that when she was banded, her age was unknown, but she had to be at least four years old. In the late 1980s, before Fe was banded, her territory was a productive one, and researchers think it’s likely that these hatchlings were also hers. So, at this point Fe’s actual lifetime tally of chicks could well be in the 50s.

            And her true age is at least 39, but likely older. 

            Meanwhile, on a nearby pool, ABJ’s breeding season was once again less fruitful, but he’s still trying!

 

Black Terns

            Mary and I recently paddled 513-acre Wabikon Lake, a gorgeous, shallow lake just a few miles east of Crandon in Forest County. We were scouting the lake prior to a trip we’re leading today (7/18) for the North Lakeland Discovery Center. A creek connects Wabikon to the 220-acre undeveloped Riley Lake to its south, so we had miles of wild shoreline to explore (Wabikon is 98% undeveloped). 

Wabikon Lake SNA

            “Charismatic megafauna” abounded here, from bald eagles to great blue herons to common loons to trumpeter swans, but the best discovery was of a black tern colony on Wabikon. 

            Black terns are listed as endangered in Wisconsin, so seeing them is a privilege and a rare treat. They’re categorized as “S2,” which in the parlance of bird researchers means they are “imperiled in Wisconsin due to a restricted range, few populations or occurrences, steep declines, severe threats, or other factors.”

photo by Gordon Petersen

            In flight, they dart and flutter and zigzag like a swallow, and they don’t seem the least concerned to be around people. Their careening flight allows them to capture dragonflies, moths, and other flying insects, and they are adept at hovering over the water and then swooping down to pick insects from the vegetation or to capture small forage fish.

            One doesn’t want to get too close to their semi-colonial nesting territory, however. They can get loud and aggressive, and will mob perceived potential predators, sometimes striking them, and may “defecate in flight with unpleasant accuracy.”

            Needless to say, we avoided paddling close to the colony and tried to reassure them we were harmless and actually friends of the family.

            Systematic surveys of black terns in Wisconsin were conducted in 1980-82, 1995-97 and 2009-11, and the researchers found a 70 percent reduction in the number of birds observed, and a notable reduction or disappearance of sites that formerly held breeding black terns.

            A more recent four-year long survey found as of 2018 more than 2,300 black tern breeding adults at 115 colonies in 32 counties, with most of these colonies being from two to 25 breeding adults.

            Arthur Cleveland Bent wrote beautifully about black terns in 1921: [They are] “a restless waif of the air, flitting about hither and thither with a wayward, desultory flight, light and buoyant as a butterfly. Its darting zigzag flight as it mounts into the air to chase a fluttering moth is suggestive of a flycatcher or a nighthawk; as it skims swiftly over the surface of the water it reminds me of a swallow; and its true relationship to the terns is shown as it hovers along over the billowing tops of a great sea of tall waving grass, dipping down occasionally to snatch an insect from the slender, swaying tops.”

            Black terns nest amidst emergent vegetation in fresh-water wetlands, building flimsy, often floating nests that are easily destroyed by wind or changing water levels. On Wisconsin flowages and wetlands where water levels fluctuate, providing nesting platforms has proven to be really successful. In one study, black terns nested on 65% of nest platforms provided, and the platform-nesting pairs exhibited higher nest survival rates and hatching success during one year relative to natural nests.

 

Swarming Bees!

            Mary and I tend two bee hives on our property in Manitowish, and on 7/5, we looked out a window to see bees pouring out of one of the hives into a rising funnel of tens of thousands of bees. We stepped outside just on the edge of the swarm and listened and watched as they eventually congregated in a young balsam fir tree next to our house. The branches were literally dripping with bees, and it was all a bit unnerving as well as amazing. 

            We knew intellectually and from working in the hives, that a healthy colony contains around 30,000 to 60,000 bees. But knowing that and seeing much of that number in the air all at once is two very different things. No picture we took can do it justice, but we did take some video that gives a sense of the swarm – see https://www.facebook.com/100011449936447/videos/1460337101649802

            Swarms happen usually because the deeps where the queen and all the workers and drones reside become overcrowded. The queen typically then leaves with half of her offspring to relocate to a new home, leaving behind the other half to produce a new queen.

            The swarm flies to a nearby location as an interim place to rest, while scouts start checking the area for a suitable new location. The scouts soon return, and somehow communicate the options to the colony who then “vote” on where to go (read the book Bee Democracy by Thomas Seeley for the whole amazing story). 

            Our bees chose differently, eventually flying back into their hive, likely because the queen, often a poor flyer, hadn’t followed them or had been injured or eaten. A colony without a queen is lost and will return! 

            The next day we went into our hive and removed four frames that were full of honey and/or brood and replaced them with four emptier frames to give the colony room to expand. We also added a second “super” above the deeps to provide more room yet. Hopefully that will ease the crowding.

            Here’s some fun and amazing bee math. Each "deep" (just the name for the box where the queen and the rest of the bees live) has 10 frames in it. There are two sides to each frame, and each side if completely filled with bees could have 3,397 bees per side - that’s 6,794 bees per frame. If you had one deep 10-frame box filled with frames that were 100% covered with brood, then you would have 67,940 bees just in that one deep, and recall that there are two deeps per hive.

            LOTS of bees, in other words, could have been in our swarm.

            If that seems like a ridiculous number of bees, you need all those bees to make any substantial amount of honey. Last year, we spun out over 13 quarts of honey, about 39 pounds. How many bees did it take to produce this relatively minor amount of honey? Follow along. 

            One honey bee produces about 1/12th of a teaspoon of honey in her lifetime; 12 bees, therefore, can make a teaspoon; 36 bees can make a tablespoon; 576 will make a cup (16 tbsp in a cup); 2,304 will make a quart of honey (4 cups in a quart). A quart of honey weighs a little less than 3 pounds So, it takes 768 bees to make a pound of honey. 

            To make our 39 pounds last year? Around 30,000 bees worked to make that happen!

            One last rather crazy fact: It takes 2 million flowers to produce one pound of honey, which is really hard to imagine, I know, but that’s what the research says.

 

Great Success for the Great Wisconsin Birdathon 

            This year’s Great Wisconsin Birdathon raised over $126,000 for bird conservation, a record total.  

            More than 620 birders from 39 counties participated, setting new records in both categories. From backyard feeders to birding by boat, a record high 283 species were counted, including sightings of 39 Species of Special Concern, 11 threatened species, and 9 endangered birds. 

            Mary and I participated in two counts: One driving and walking in various spots in southern Iron County and the other paddling on the Bear River as one of numerous rivers statewide that were counted via kayak or canoe.

            The latest Wisconsin breeding bird atlas says that Wisconsin boasts 243 breeding species, so 40 of those species counted were still in migration, assuming every breeding species was found.

            Check out the full 2025 species list at WiBirdathon.org. 

 

Celestial Events

            On July 20, 1969, Apollo 11 lunar module Eagle landed on the moon, and Neil Armstrong left the first human footprint on the moon’s surface.

            The new moon occurs on 7/24.

            On 7/28, look after dusk for Mars about one degree above the waxing crescent moon. And in the pre-dawn hours of 7/29, the peak Delta Aquarid meteor shower occurs with an average showing of 15 to 20 meteors per hour.

            Our days are now growing shorter by two minutes/day. Enjoy the evening light while we have it!

 

Thought for the Week

            “There are some good things to be said about walking . . . Walking takes longer, for example, than any other known form of locomotion except crawling. Thus it stretches time and prolongs life. Life is already too short to waste on speed. I have a friend who's always in a hurry; he never gets anywhere. Walking makes the world much bigger and thus more interesting. You have time to observe the details . . . To be everywhere at once is to be nowhere forever, if you ask me.” – Edward Abbey

 

Please share your outdoor sightings and thoughts: e-mail me at johnbates2828@gmail.com, call 715-476-2828, snail-mail at 4245N State Highway 47, Mercer, WI, or see my blog at www.manitowishriver.blogspot.com

A Northwoods Almanac for 7/4-17, 2025

 A Northwoods Almanac for 7/4-17, 2025  by John Bates

 

Raptor Attack

            I received the following email from a friend on 6/24: “I'm emailing to tell you of an incident on Saturday [6/21] when a friend [Zoe] was harassed by some sort of raptor while she was hiking.

            “It happened on a hiking trail . . . [near Hidden Lakes Trail east of Eagle River]. The bird first hit her in the head from behind as she was walking on the trail, almost knocking her down and leaving a big bruise.  It then kept swooping down at her and wouldn't let up. She started running, and says the bird kept attacking her for almost a mile before it finally left her alone . . .

            “Based on the location indicated in the picture and your knowledge of that habitat, do you have a guess as to what species was harassing her? Have you ever heard of something like this happening before?”

            Yes, I have heard of this happening before, and I would bet the farm it was a female northern goshawk. 

            Twenty years ago I wrote about a man being attacked at night in February by what turned out to be a barred owl, and in trying to figure out what the bird was I received this note from Tom Erdman, an expert bird researcher with lots of experience banding raptors: “Goshawks typically make flying passes at an intruder, usually only using the hallux to rip. I've lost several hats, part of an ear . . . and a little blood to them over the years. Typically you can just face them and wave them off.”

            Cornell’s “Birds of the World” says about northern goshawks (now called “American” goshawk as of 2024): “Can strike and draw blood from persons approaching nests: attacks on a single person are usually more severe than those on two or more persons.”

            In a 1991 study (Speiser, Robert and Bosakowski, Thomas (2024) “Nesting Phenology, Site Fidelity, and Defense Behavior of Northern Goshawks in New York and New Jersey,” Journal of Raptor Research: Vol. 25), “Aggression to a single human intruder was ranked at 16 different nest sites . . . The most aggressive aerial attacks were initiated by the female if an intruder came within about 100 m of the nest during the early nestling stage. Furthermore, attacks became more vigorous if an observer moved in the direction of the nest . . . Stopping and watching the nest from the same trail was not tolerated and usually provoked aggressive attacks.

            “We also observed a direct relation between the magnitude of aggressive encounters and the number of observers in the party. Goshawks were noticeably less bold and aggressive when more than one observer was present. Visits to active nest sites have shown at least 15 extreme aggressive attacks during at least 80 single observer visits in comparison to no aggressive attacks during some 30 multiple observer visits . . . 

            “During the early brood period (nestlings less than two weeks in age) the female became most aggressive and was occasionally supported by protesting vocalizations of the male

who only participated in 18% of cases of nest defense . . . Nest defense usually began with protracted "cackle" alarm calls described as "cac, cac, cac" in Bent (1937). These calls were uttered by both adults if present. The cackling was quickly followed by repeated flyovers, then direct diving at the intruder primarily by the female. When young were more than three weeks old, adults rarely attacked an observer.”

            So, to summarize: When their chicks are less than two weeks old, female goshawks are known to attack solitary individuals who may be inadvertently walking by their nest site. After that, attacks are rare.

            And that seems like a reasonable hypothesis for what happened to Zoe on her walk.

            Please note: American goshawks are a very uncommon species, very secretive, and listed of “special concern” in Wisconsin, most often nesting in older, mature forests. The Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest conducts surveys for goshawk active nests prior to timber harvest projects, and where nests are known, maintains and protects areas of mature hardwood, hemlock, and white pine forests.

            Goshawk attacks are quite rare – lightning strikes to people probably occur on a comparable frequency. Like any wildlife species, they protect their young if one gets too close to them. I’ve only seen a few goshawks over all my years of birding, and I consider it a privilege when I do. 

American goshawk

Some Thoughts on the Knowles-Nelson Stewardship Program

            The Knowles-Nelson Stewardship Program is up for renewal once again, and every time it needs reauthorization, there’s been a political fight to fund it despite longstanding bipartisan support as well as 9 out of 10 voters backing it. 

Nearly 700,000 acres have been protected over the three decades of the program, and as of 2020, more than nine out of ten Wisconsin residents live within 1 mile of a property that has received a Knowles-Nelson Stewardship investment. Over 4,200 grants have been awarded to local governments and non-profits to support protecting land, clean water, and outdoor recreation opportunities including hunting and fishing. 

One concern of those who wish to cut it is that it costs money. Well, true, but everything costs money that’s worthwhile. The real question is whether it’s a good investment of money. The weekly debt service for Knowles-Nelson is significant – about $1.23 million. That is a lot of money. But break down the cost per person in the state and the Knowles-Nelson Stewardship Program costs each Wisconsin resident less than $11 per year (far less than a fishing/hunting license or a state park’s pass). Or about 84 cents per person per month. This modest investment that we all make each year has yielded extraordinary returns. It costs money to build and maintain local parks, trails, playgrounds, campgrounds, boat launches, shorelines, et al. 

How does that investment stack up against other investments the state makes? Knowles-Nelson costs pale in comparison to other debts the state carries. For example, Wisconsin's debt service for transportation infrastructure costs about $8.5 million per week, or nearly seven times more than our weekly investment in conservation through the Stewardship Fund.

The program has been funded through bonding, which is how governments finance long-term purchases, just like when one of us buys a house. If an investment has a high upfront cost but provides benefits for a long time (think paving roads, building schools, or purchasing land), then it makes sense to spread the cost out over the life of the investment. That’s what bonding does.

But some ask can we afford it? In my opinion, we can. Wisconsin is in excellent financial condition, carrying less debt than at any time in the past 25 years. Wisconsin ended its 2024 fiscal year in June with a $4.6 billion state budget surplus. Really, there are no legitimate concerns about our state's debt load that would justify scaling back this exceptionally successful program.

If you want to see how the KNSP has been utilized over the years in your specific township or county, I encourage you to pull up this interactive map and read the many, many stories: https://knowlesnelson.org/an-interactive-map-of-knowles-nelson-grants/. 

 

Mosquito Buckets

            “Mosquito buckets” are a simple, effective alternative to toxic spraying to kill mosquitoes. The buckets protect pollinators, pets, and people by safely targeting mosquito larvae. Spraying kills adult mosquitoes (and all other adult insects in the area like butterflies, moths, dragonflies, fireflies, and various other pollinators), but not larvae, so you have to keep spraying throughout the summer. 

            Mosquitoes lay eggs in standing water, so that’s what we all need to target.

This super inexpensive method kills the aquatic larvae by adding a natural soil bacterium called Bti (Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis found in mosquito “dunks”).

            It’s easy-peasy. Get a five gallon bucket, fill it two-thirds full, add a handful of grassy vegetation to help the water stew a little, and then add one-quarter of a mosquito dunk, readily available at most hardware stores, to the bucket.

            Put some screen over the bucket to keep other critters out, and place the bucket in a shady area. Use several buckets if you have a large yard. Drill a hole in the bucket at the desired water line so rainwater doesn’t make it overflow.

            That’s it. 

            Dunks begin killing mosquito larva within hours; you should start to notice a difference in about 48 hours. Will they kill every mosquito? No, but they will help a lot.

            BTW, you also need to remove all other sources of standing water in your yard; otherwise, you’re just providing other areas for mosquitoes to lay their eggs. 

Give the bucket(s) a try and see what you think.

 

Summer Bounty

It’s late June as I write this, and everywhere wild plants are growing like crazy, as is our garden. While we clearly don’t spend enough time weeding, nevertheless, we’ve harvested asparagus and some spinach from the vegetable garden so far, and we have more rhubarb than the law should allow, allowing us to freeze numerous quarts without making much of a dent in it. 

I made rhubarb-cherry jam last week (we had been in Door County and bought frozen cherries), and soon we’ll be putting up rhubarb-strawberry jam. 

We canned a crate of peaches from Georgia on 6/24. 

Our Juneberry trees, too, have lots of ripening fruit on them, but the birds always beat us to them. Hopefully they’ll leave us a few cups to put on some pancakes in July.

            A few of our apple trees look loaded, so we’ll be canning many quarts of applesauce in August. 

            And our bees appear abundant (as long as they aren’t killed by someone spraying  pesticides for mosquitoes), so about the time we’re harvesting apples, we should get very sticky spinning out our honey frames and storing the liquid gold in quart jar.

              Hopefully you’re taking advantage of our lush summer, too, and harvesting from your property.

 

Sightings: July’s Roadside Flowers 

            The weather in late June and into July brings flowers galore along our roadsides. Some are show-offs while others prefer humility. Most belong in other countries, but a few belong here. Some want to take over the planet, and others just want to live a small life in a small landscape. 

            Here’s a sampler of what you are likely seeing everywhere (nn for non-native): Hoary alyssum (nn), fireweed, bird’s-foot trefoil (nn), bush clover (nn), red clover (nn), golden clover  or yellow hop (nn), bladder-campion (nn), wild roses, spreading dogbane, goat’s-beard (nn), yellow and orange hawkweed (nn), ox-eye daisy (nn), and yarrow. 

yellow hawkweed, photo by John Bates

fireweed, photo by John Bates

yellow hop, photo by John Bates

goatsbeard, photo by John Bates
 

Celestial Events

            Planets to view in July: After dusk, the only planet to look for is Mars very low in the west. But prior to sunrise (I know, it’s really early!), look for Venus brilliant in the northeast, Jupiter bright in the east, and Saturn high in the south.

            Full moon on 7/10 – the “Buck in velvet” moon, “Half way through the summer” moon, or “Thunder” moon.

 

Thought for the Week

            “I used to think that the top environmental problems were biodiversity loss, ecosystem collapse and climate change . . . I was wrong. The top environmental problems are selfishness, greed, and apathy, and to deal with these we need a cultural and spiritual transformation.”

James Gustave Speth, former U.S. Advisor on climate change